Major part of computer

  👉 Major part of Computer

Major parts of computer:-

There are three major parts of computer that should be clear before moving ahead:

1.        Hardware :  it means the physical entity of computer, in words it is the part of computer which can be seen and touched.

2.        Software :  it is the program that runs on a computer. Software is made up of instructions that tell the computer what to do. It is stored on disks in bits and bytes.

3.        Firmware :   it is a program that is written to the read- only memory (ROM) of a computing device. It is added at the time of manufacturing and it is used to runs user programs on the device.

👉Essential parts of computer:-

Our next step is to know the essential parts of a computer.

v     CPU(central processing unit)

A central processing unit (CPU) or processor is an electronic circuit that can execute computers program. The CPU is the brain of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where all calculations take places.

The central processing unit (CPU) performs the actual processing of data. The date process is obtained, via the system bus, form the main memory. Results from the CPU are then sent back to main memory via. The system bus. In additions to computation the CPU controls and co-ordinates the operation of the other major components. The CPU has two main components, namely: the control unit and the Arithmetic/ logical unit (ALU).

The control unit. :   the control unit (often called a control system or central controller )  directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instructions and turns it into series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers many change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. Controls the fetching of instructions from the main memory and the subsequent execution of these instructions. Among other tasks carried out are the control of input and output devices and the passing of data to the arithmetic\ Logical unit for computation.

 👉The Arithmetic/ logical unit(ALU) :-  

The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might include multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions (sine, cosine, etc.) and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers-albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation- although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return Boolean truth values ( true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other(“is 64 greater than 65?”). the CPU can carry out simple arithmetic operations, comparisons between the result of a calculation and other values, and the selection of the next instruction for processing. All the rest of the apparently limitless things a computers can do are built on this very primitive base by programming.

👉Motherboard:-  

Motherboard is a the main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mess storage interfaces serial and parallel ports, expansions slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard’s  chipset.

On most pc, it is possible to add memory chips directly to the motherboard. You may also be able to upgrade to a faster pc by replacing the CPU chip. To add additional core features you may need to replaced the motherboard entirely.  

 

👉Memory:-

Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing, for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computers, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor) implements the basic computer model used since the 1940s.

Computer is an electronic machine so it knows only “ON” or “OFF” i.e. “0” or “1”. All the data in computer, processed or stored is converted into combination of 0s and 1s. this is called binary notation and 0 or 1 are called bits.

·     Bit is a basic memory unit.

·     1 bytes is unit of data that consist of 8 bits

·     1 kilo byte(kb) equals 1024 bytes.

·     1mega bytes (mb) equals 1024 kilo bytes

·     1Giga bytes (GB) equals 1024 mega bytes

·     1 tera byte (tb) equals 1024 giga bytes

·     1 peta byte (pb) equals 1024 tera bytes.

·     1 Exa byte (eb) equals 1024 peta bytes

·     1 zeta byte (zb) equals 1024 Exa bytes 

·     1 yotta byte (yb) equals 1024 zetta bytes

·     1 bronto byte (bb) equals to 1024 yotta bytes

·     1 geop bytes equal 1024 bronto bytes.

👉I/O device :-

I/o is an abbreviation of input/ output and refers to the transfer of data to or from an application. The computer will be of no use unless it is able to communicate with the outside world. Input/ output devices are required for user to communicate with the computer. In simple terms, input devices bring information INTO the computer and output devices bring information OUT of a computer system. These input/ output devices are also known as peripherals since they surround the CPU and memory of a computer system.

An input device converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital computer. An output device reverses the process, translating the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user.